Fire in the Workplace - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 1 Words: 388 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2019/10/10 Did you like this example? In every work environment, strict observation of fire protection guidelines is always a priority to ensure the safety and continuity of service provision. However, there is always a window of opportunity which fire exploits to surprise workers of any given institution. From experiments gone wrong and cause blasts to defective electrical appliances which combine with fire- friendly immediate environments, the fire seems to gain the upper hand on its slightest opportunity rapidly. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Fire in the Workplace" essay for you Create order It is, therefore, the level of preparedness and effectiveness by members of a working facility that determine how soon they can suppress the fire while guarding against loss of lives and property. As fire causes panic, maintaining of relative calm is necessary to make life-saving decisions and apply them effectively. Anyone who spots an out of control fire should raise the alarm to alert other occupants of a building and save them from being engulfed by fire flames or smoke, then collectively analyze the threat and apply appropriate actions in a calm state. While a mild to low-risk fires may be put out by use of pre-installed fire fighting equipment, it is only advisable to do so if and when it is safe. In case the fire poses a grave danger; it is wise to shut down any running machines and other items that can fuel the spread of fire and also close doors and windows to limit the flow of oxygen before moving out of the building through stairs and call for help. People should avoid lifts if possible since they are known death traps as they regularly fail upon fire alarm activation. In the event one is trapped on the inside of a blazing fire, it is advisable to move to the windows where one can access fresh air and as well pass signals to the people on the outside. Additionally, one should try and stay at a point of low smoke concentration to avoid shocking and call for help. Once one is out of a burning building, people should assemble at a designated fire point to easily establish if anyone of them has strapped inside. However, one must not lay his life on the line while trying to rescue if you are untrained and do not have appropriate fire equipment as this may put more lives in danger. Always consult with a firefighter.

Application Of Teaching And Curriculum Essay - 771 Words

Ranging from children with disabilities to children with gifts and talents, many classrooms are made up of students with different abilities. Therefore, the process of teaching and curriculum must be used to meet the needs of the students. â€Å"I am confident that virtually all people have enormous potential for something. The problem is to find some way of unearthing what that is and to make it possible for them to excel in the things they find most interesting.† Benjamin S. Bloom, 1985 There are few people in the history of education that have had greater effect than Benjamin Bloom. During a career of more than 50 years, his research and writing guided the development of many educational programs making it possible for teachers to have all students learn well. Bloom s contributions to education began during his years in the Office of the Board of Examiners at the University of Chicago, where he worked from 1940 to 1959. Much of his work at this time focused on the relationships among methods of instruction, educational results, and measurement of those results. This work led to his first book in 1950 and eventually to the work for which he is best known, the Taxonomy of Educational Goals, Handbook I: The Thi nking-related Domain. In 1959 Bloom spent a year at the Center for Advanced Study in Behavioral Sciences at Stanford University. This year marked a shift in high research and writing, as Bloom began to focus on problems in learning, rather than problems in testing andShow MoreRelatedTeaching And Learning Process Faculty1191 Words   |  5 PagesTo maximize the teaching and learning process faculty must make conscious multiple teaching methods to assist with the development of critical thinking. The use of multiple assessment techniques to monitor and evaluate the learning process support both formative and summative assessment. Evidence-based decisions will dramatically improve the learning outcomes. The American Nurses Association (as cited in Su, 2007) supports the application of the nursing process as the foundation of decision makingRead MoreEssay on The Future of Education693 Words   |  3 Pageswhat type of learning environment will be best suited to meet their needs. Ther e are many different opinions as top what the most effective or appropriate curriculum is for the students. I do not believe there is any one philosophy that can provide the ideal curriculum for each and every student. Just as there are numerous methods of teaching, there are also numerous ways to learn. It is essential that we keep this in mind as we help the students achieve their goals and discover their talents. 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Teaching is a work of art; a dance that is carefully choreographed between teacher and student. Both dancers are aware of the dance they want to perform, yet in order to truly experience the depth and magnitude of the dance, they must break down the steps into perfectly timed moves. The dancers strive to execute theirRead MoreInstructional Programs For Technology Education938 Words   |  4 PagesTo develop meaningful instructional programs for technology education, goals need to be in place to direct the outcomes of curriculum development and teaching. They go beyond everyday teaching objectives; they are directed at long-term learning and pr ogrammatic outcomes. Performance standards measure how much of the content the student is proficient. Opportunity-to-learn standards ensure the learning is student focused, everyone has a right to education and that education should be learner centeredRead MoreA Case Study Of Recruitment And Selection Essay1632 Words   |  7 Pagesaccording to UMUC Policy 150.25 - Academic Dishonesty and Plagiarism https://www.umuc.edu/policies/academicpolicies/aa15025.cfm Southwood School: A Case Study in Recruitment and Selection In an effort to meet the demands of filling the open teaching positions available for next term several new recruitment and selections ideas are recommended. The strategic goal for these changes is to align with recruiting top talent, maintaining top talent within the school, emphasizing internal recruitmentRead MoreIntelligence Testing And Its Impact On The Sector860 Words   |  4 Pagescitizenry rarely associated psychology with any practical applications in the real world. However, the theories in the field have been applied to various sectors for a long time. One specific area is the education sector where psychologists offer advice on policy and sometimes direct that policy. This paper shall look at the application of the theories to the sector including its advantages and disadvantages. It will additionally cover how the application has progressed and its impact on the sector. ManyRead More Social Class and Quality of Education Essay1197 Words   |  5 Pagesclass background deserves the same opportunities as a person from a wealthier background. It is about becoming aware and recognising that there are certain situations where the application of the same rules to unequal groups can sometimes lead to imbalanced results. It is therefore crucial that the government create a curriculum that can empower every student regardless of their social background and that they can easily identify the groups of people that are facing such inequalities. In a time whereRead MoreJob and Study Habit1678 Words   |  7 Pagespractices. Thus, they made the Filipinos memorize and practice these. So, somehow, these Friars seemingly â€Å"taught† them to remember through memorization and acculturation. After the First World War, the Americans came bringing with them the system of teaching and education that Philippine society started to embrace. According to historians, this â€Å"Formal Education† started in the Philippines with the Americans when they institutionalized it. They also brought a â€Å"system-changer† which affected the PhilippineRead MoreStatement Of A Senior Leader1010 Words   |  5 Pagesregard to the above position. Having reviewed the brief and job description I would like to submit a formal application, for your consideration, and attach herewith a completed copy my application form, as an expression of my strong interest in the position. 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Criminal Justice Free Essays

Within modern criminal justice, there is no more permanent and controversial punishment than capital punishment. Throughout this paper, various facets of capital punishment, as well as the criminal justice system will be discussed. To begin this research, it is important to first define capital punishment. We will write a custom essay sample on Criminal Justice or any similar topic only for you Order Now For the purposes herein, capital punishment will be defined as the court-sanctioned killing of a criminal defendant, after that defendant has been convicted through due process of law. While this research emphasizes the modern era of capital punishment, the process as a legally mandated one has been in place since the first written laws emerged from Hammurabi’s Code and various laws that were put forth by ancient Egyptian pharaohs (Morris, 1997). One Opinion on Capital Punishment The controversial nature of capital punishment earns it a fair amount of scrutiny and discussion on the part of researchers. It is for this reason that an opinion on capital punishment is now offered. Because of the irreversible nature of capital punishment once it is imposed, it is essential that capital punishment only be administered in cases where the guilt of the defendant is beyond question, such as a situation where a crime is witnessed by multiple, unimpeachable individuals. This requirement, while quite fair and reasonable, in itself opens up additional issues to be discussed, not the least of which is the issue of what defendants may challenge on appeal. Defendants Challenges on Appeal When American defendants are convicted of a crime in a court of law, there is still an opportunity for the defendant to issue a challenge to the conviction through a formal appeal. Most commonly, appeals will cite errors of law, fact or procedure as a basis for the possible overturning of a verdict (McAllister, et al, 1993). Obviously, in capital punishment cases, the use of the appellate process is extremely valuable when the guilt of an individual is in possible question, as literally, life and death hangs in the balance. This process is aided greatly in the 21st century by technological advancements and new forensic techniques. Given all of the advancements, however, nonscientific suspect identification still has a place in modern criminal justice and is worthy of discussion. Methods of Nonscientific Suspect Identification Aside from the benefits of modern science, criminal justice can likewise still benefit today from nonscientific suspect identification, most commonly eye witness and ear witness testimony (McAllister, et al, 1993). It is through the reliable testimony of what people see and hear that many crimes are solved to this very day. However, as this research concludes, it will be stated and explained that nonscientific suspect identification is only reliable under certain conditions, much like its high-tech counterparts. Conclusion: Most Reliable Method of Nonscientific Suspect Identification Lastly, it is possible to clarify exactly what is the most reliable method of nonscientific suspect identification. As a matter of fact, either visual or audible witnessing of a crime can be the most reliable, within certain conditions. In either case, the reliability of the witness must be rock solid; ideally, multiple reliable witnesses would be best, as is evidenced from secondary research on the topic (McAllister, et al, 1993). In conclusion, what must be understood is, especially in capital punishment cases, testimony must be beyond question, for without solid evidence, the criminal justice system lacks the integrity it needs to protect the public from the worst members of society itself. Bibliography McAllister, H. A. , Dale, R. H. , Bregman, N. J. , McCabe, A. , Cotton, C. R. (1993). When Eyewitnesses Are Also Ear witnesses: Effects on Visual and Voice Identifications. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 14(2), 161-170. Morris, C. (Ed. ). (1997). Capital Punishment in the United States A Documentary History. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. How to cite Criminal Justice, Papers Criminal Justice Free Essays Global Crime Analysis Crystal M. Baldwin CJA 394 March 18, 2013 William Kelly Global Crime Analysis Cybercrime has become a major issue in the United States today. One of the major issues is identity theft. We will write a custom essay sample on Criminal Justice or any similar topic only for you Order Now Criminals are taken citizen’s identities and start living as if they are really these individuals. The distressing part about identity theft is that the victim suffers from these types of crimes for years to come. In this paper, I will identify the diverse major global crimes and criminal issues that have a global impact on national and international justice systems and processes. I will compare and contrast the various international criminal justice systems and how these major international crimes and criminal issues will and have been addressed and things that need to change in the criminal justice field to help global crime become more thriving. We have to stick together in this field to make sure that we stay one-step ahead of the criminals so that we that citizen can feel more safe and secure while on the electronic devices. I have listed below some of the major global crimes that our world is facing today and the parts of the country where these horrible crimes are taking place. Diverse nation states handle law-breaking citizens different than we do in the United States of America and this is a huge problem. We have certain laws that we have to go by when dealing with a criminal because even thought they have broken the law they still have laws under the constitution of the United States of America. The FBI and CIA are the head of our Homeland Security and they are the ones that are suppose to protect us from foreign countries but the problem is that they are not communicating with one another so the job is falling through the loops. The CIA wants to take credit for all the work and so does the FBI so this is causing our country to allow cyber crime to reach an all time high. We need to come together in this criminal justice field so that we can catch these illegal lawbreakers and defend a wonderful country of ours. Stephens states â€Å"†¢ drug cartels are spreading violence in Central America, Mexico and the Caribbean. The whole of West Africa is under attack from narco-traffickers, that are buying economic assets as well as political power; †¢ collusion between insurgents and criminal groups threatens the stability of West Asia, the Andes and parts of Africa, fuelling the trade in smuggled weapons, the plunder of natural resources and piracy; †¢ kidnapping is rife from the Sahel to the Andes, while modern slavery (human trafficking) has spread throughout the world; †¢ in so many urban centres, in rich as much as in poor countries, authorities have lost control of the inner cities, to organized gangs and thugs; †¢ the web has been turned into a weapon of mass destruction, enabling cyber-crime, while terrorism – including cyber-terrorism – threatens vital infrastructure and state security† (1996). In conclusion, I have identified the diverse major global crimes and criminal issues that have a global impact on national and international justice systems and proc esses. I compared and contrasted the various international criminal justice systems. I explained how these major international crimes and criminal issues will and have been addressed in the criminal justice field. In this world today, people need to realize that we face a transgression wave that has developed into a safety measures crisis. This has to be taken into account, we have to come together, and it must be congested before it spreads even more terror, dishonesty, violent behavior and deficiency. The supporting will of our states is mightier than the voracity and firepower of unlawful citizens. Stephens states, â€Å"Working together does not mean surrendering sovereignty, it means defending it. So let us enforce the rule of law where uncivil society prevails† (1996). References Stephens, M. 1996. Global Organized Crime. Retrieved from https://www. fas. org/irp/eprint/snyder/globalcrime. htm How to cite Criminal Justice, Essay examples Criminal Justice Free Essays Criminal Justice week 1 paper When you think about criminal justice, the first thing that comes to mind is the word, crime. Many people do not understand the actual definition of crime or its relationship to law. Society usually sees criminal justice as an officer making an arrest, when there is a lot more to it. We will write a custom essay sample on Criminal Justice or any similar topic only for you Order Now Within criminal justice there is a government structure, choice theories, goals and three components that make up the criminal justice process. Many have posed the question of wanting to know if the criminal justice system is actually a system. Using the three components and the process and goals I do believe that it is a system. What is crime? Crime is when a person has created an act or omission against the law. According to â€Å"Merriam-Webster † (2012), â€Å"a grave offense especially against morality. † defines crime. How does this relate the law? Have you heard of the old saying, you cannot have one without the other? Law can be defined as the set of regulations determined by a group of people who decide what is right and what is wrong. When those regulations are broken, it creates a crime. There are two models that help society determine what acts are criminal. The consensus model is a diverse group of people, who come together and decide based on their beliefs. The conflict model, leaves it to those with the higher power. There are different theories on why crimes are committed. One theory would be classical theory, it suggests that crime is committed with individual will. For example; each individual has the will to say they are not going to rob that store or steal that truck. There is a theory that seconds guesses the classical theory and that is the social theory. The social process theory relates to crime being made because those individuals had failure in self direction. For example; if a boy grew up in a home where gang relations were present, that is a failure of self direction because it is leading him to commit the same acts of crime. These two choice theories can have an impact on the components of criminal justice and its structure and process. The government structure applies the criminal justice system and its process components. The government structure includes legislation, judicial and executive branches. According to â€Å"Cliff Notes† (2012), â€Å"Legislatures, both state and federal, define crimes, fix sentences, and provide funding for criminal justice agencies. The judicial side of the government is the ones the over sees the trials of those who are suspected of committing the crime. The executive can apply to the criminal justice system by being the ones that appoint the leaders such as judges. That can help in grand jury and supreme court. These effect the three components of what makes the criminal justice system. The thre e components are the police/law enforcement, courts and corrections. The police and law enforcement are the enforcers, they take care of situations such as booking and warrants. Courts are the ones that submit the preliminary hearing, making sure that the individuals rights are being taken care of. The corrections are those who carry out the sentencing of those convicted. Corrections can be from probation officers to correctional officers for prisons. These three components and what they do are the process of the criminal justice system. Having a strong criminal justice system is important and without any of these, it would not be strong. Goals are a big part of making sure that the criminal justice system stays strong and acts sufficiently. How to cite Criminal Justice, Essay examples Criminal Justice Free Essays As with many chastisements, theories about how police corruption comes about have prospered In many generations. The three theories that are often in evidence in the criminal justice field are the society at large theory, the structural theory and the rotten apple hypothesis. Every one of these theories takes a singular assessment about how police corruption originates and each holds its own right in police work. We will write a custom essay sample on Criminal Justice or any similar topic only for you Order Now The slippery slope in law enforcement is a moral career hypothesis. Where corruption begins with apparently harmless well intentional practices and leads over time.This can happen with individuals or a department in any situation. Basically the slippery slope is what people call crimes for profit. Rationalization shows corrupt routine in police work. The free cup of coffee, or half price meal or discount is something police rely on a little too much. To begin with the slippery slope has a lot to do with social sex. Social sex is about boy and girl attitudes, and how genetics display ethical behaviors. Banks, Scully Shakespeare (2006) noted that genetics have a number of concerns about the development of public understanding of the science involved (p. ). Recently there has been less attention paid to the actual process of public making of ethical evaluations about novel biomedical issues. . Banks, Scully Shakespeare (2006) wrote that they observed an ethical evaluation where they held ten discussions with different groups of people during 2002-2004, in North east England; they discussed prenatal sex selection and medical issues (p. 2). These disscussions were essential to understand relationships with in a police department. The concept of fallacy is the actual argumentation between two or more people.Fallacies are the types of errors that come up in every day discussions. Walton (1995) questioned if fallacy is sustainable to be analyzed for argumentation(p2)? Fallacy is a key objective in the slippery slope for law enforcement officers. Walton (1995) researched that the framework of practical logic as a dialectical art of conversation between two parties who reason together(p. 2). This is exactly what happens with the slippery slope concept, the officer receives a discount. This is clearly analyzed as an error of reasoning in the slippery slope concept.Business managers want police to eat for cheap, because they believe customers want to feel safe while in the restaurant Walton (1995) wrote about refutation meaning reasoning involving the contradictory of a given conclusion(p. 3). I actually have a personal experience to relate to this subject. I previously worked for a restaurant, where police officers, and fire fighters were the main source of business. I asked my boss why we always gave discounts to men and women in law enforcement, he said it was due to the respect that officers deserve.The actual owner has a personal relationship with the North Las Vegas police department, the police liked the food, and as well enjoyed the service. Me as the server I received well tips in return for the discount, and good service. I see nothing wrong with receiving really good tips for the service provided. This is a good example of the slippery slope theory; gratuities are just a way of saying thank you in return for the service that police officers give. Unfortunately, several incidents in the past years have altered society’s perception of police in some communities.The society at large hypothesis is about the roots of corruption with apposed remedies. The practice of incessant settlements from entrepreneurs can be prolonged to more unsmiling crimes. Delattre (2006) noted that When Wilson became superintendent of police of Chicago in 1960, he told the people of the city that â€Å"the same kind of special consideration that they were buying for small amounts, could, by the same logic, be purchased by criminals and crime syndicates for larger amounts†¦. (p. 79).This is a great example that gratuities in some ways can be a bad influence for some police officers. Basically this theory is the result of the actions of a society at large. Another example is citizens receive goods at regular price, and police officers get the discount. It’s not just the discount, theses goods in return can be exchanged to criminals for harsh crimes. On the other hand structural hypothesis is the actual affiliation that holds the hypothesis. Its kind of like a guilty conscience, you receive something, and want to turn it into something more.Delattre (2006) noted that the police loss of faith in mankind generally spawns individual and Departmental corruption. Corruption is what you call a traditional society, and it does not have a negative meaning. Officers do not start out corrupt, but the irregular behavior and the response to such behavior in the police work starts a corruption cycle. The social structure and political traditions of many countries are based on beneficial exchange of rewards for services rendered and cannot survive in its absence.Basically corruption is centrally involved in politics, and politic relate to the slippery slope. The rotten apple hypothesis is poor recruitment of police officers. This includes many officers that are not well suited for the job within the department. Delattre (2006) noted that this rotten apple hypothesis, critics reply ignores socializing influence within departments and is too individualistic, like the analogous free will explanation of criminal behavior(p. 84) One good example of this when criminals get light sentences, that means that they are weak willed.Delattre (2006) wrote according to an old truth, if the bad cannot corrupt the good, it will seek to drive the good out or destroy it(p. 95). The answer to corruption, likely, lies in a combination of all the theories mentioned. Theses three theories alone are not really conclusive, they are all different. . The three theories that are often in evidence in the criminal justice field are the society at large theory, the structural theory and the rotten apple hypothesis. Every one of these theories takes a singular assessment about how police corruption originates and each holds its own right in police work. How to cite Criminal Justice, Papers Criminal Justice Free Essays I put myself in the situation of the investigators in he TV shows and think of what I would actually do. My dad used to work in the department of CSS for the Texas police Department so I have some background knowledge and terminology of what is going on. I frequently asked questions and I felt like I somewhat knew the life of a crime scene investigator. We will write a custom essay sample on Criminal Justice or any similar topic only for you Order Now They get calls in the middle of the night and they have to go out to the scene. Let is a very stressful and traumatizing job. When it comes down to the two shows of First 48 and CSS, they deal with crimes that involve murders and have investigation element. CSS is full of trained investigators trying to examine the evidence. They find the missing pieces that will solve the case. â€Å"A criminal investigator is a person who conducts investigations for criminal cases. This person is responsible for collecting and assessing evidence for a case to pinpoint guilty parties. If you have ever watched an episode of CSS, you have seen criminal Basic Carnally Investigation 2 investigators in action. The ones In the real world do roughly the same work, but they don’t always have dramatic cases to deal with. This explains the Job of a criminal investigator and the Job duties will vary depending on what type of crime there is. When It comes to every crime scene, it goes through steps before It Is considered solved or unsolved. If It Is unsolved, they have tried numerous times to solve the case, but had no leads or no witnesses. The steps are evaluating the case,collecting the evidence,analyzing the forensics, identifying the suspect, if you have a suspect, interrogate him/her, then you bring the case to court for trial and lastly, depending on if the criminal investigators did their Job right justice will be served. Most investigators want to put the suspect in Jail, but that is not always the case. I explain the procedures and process of a crime scene investigator because this is what the the show CSS deals with. Though, CSS is not like Law and Order where they interrogate a suspect, go to trial , and show if the suspect goes to Jail or not. CSS has added drama and it deals more with investigating the actual crime scene. It is a scripted TV show and you can tell some of the scenes are over dramatic and side of the road on a highway. It is about how the team of investigators find out the woman was once a man who underwent a sex change. They investigate and go out figuring out the life of transgender. The way they showed reconstruction of the crime scene is how they would picture the crime in their head. They focused on the evidence in the car and they Basic Criminal Investigation 3 tried to find the fabrics in the car if there was any evidence left behind. They find out who the suspect is, but they do not let the viewers know what happens to the suspect. They have the viewer assume. When they show how the evidence is transferred on to a body part, that is when determination and special effects come into play. They show the victim in the crime lab, and they investigate the possibilities f what may have happened. This episode was more realistic because they found the killer in a reasonable time because the suspect confessed. Usually, they would find out the suspect in the same amount of time, but it was unrealistic. SSL makes up more their unrealistic scenes by doing what actual Crime scene investigators do. Watching an Episode of the First 48, this episode was on 9/7/12 and it was about a scene that occurred in Dallas Texas and two friends were walking in the woods and discover a dead body. Let was near the rail road tracks and they call the police. It was ruing May 5th. The body was burned and it had no arms. It is missing the head and hands. The criminal investigator has experience of 19 years. First 48 is based on real life situations and and it is filmed on site, This show focuses more on catching the criminal and investigating what happened within the first 48 hours. This is more realistic because the time frame is actually a real scenario. There is no determination to it. This is actual real life homicides that happen in different cities. The investigators actually use forensic evidence, and witnesses to find the suspect. Though only says 48 hours, it goes on more than that and could even lead into years. The investigate the body and Basic Criminal Investigation 4 they actually go into the scene. They did not show any crime lab or any special investigating on the body. They focused on more investigating the case and how it happened. Watching both shows there are definitely more differences than there are similarities. When it comes to CSS, they find the body to open up the show rather than scene and then they take the body to the forensic lab. They actually take the time to observe the body and find out possibilities and theories of what could have happened in the lab. That is how they portray the scene by going through what they think had happened. Watching First 48, it actually a whole real life scene. Someone calls the police, they set up a crime scene, and they start to investigate instantly. They take the body to the forensic lab. Both shows are different in a way where CSS actually shows you what they do in the lab, and First 48 does not show you the lab and they focus more on the crime scene. The two shows both have reconstruction crime scene, UT the way CSS does is that they dramatist the scene of the evidence. You can tell that there are unrealistic possibilities in CSS rather than watching First 48 where everything is what would actually happen. Both shows used the proper equipment for the scene. SSL is a lot shorter and the way they find the suspect is unrealistic because they show it in a half an hour time frame rather than an actual 48 hours. SSL leaves you wanting more as well as First 48, but First 48 will always be in favor of real Crime scene investigators because it is documentary based rather and a Hollywood reality TV show. How to cite Criminal Justice, Papers

Fringe Benefit Tax and Capital Gain Tax Sample

Question 1: Alan is an employee at ABC Pty Ltd (ABC). He has negotiated the following remuneration package with ABC: salary of $300,000; Payment of Alan's mobile phone bill ($220 per month, including GST). Alan is under a two-year contract whereby he is required to pay a fixed sum each month for unlimited usage of his phone. Alan uses the phone for work-related purposes only; Payment of Alan's children's school fees ($20,000 per year). The school fees are GST free. ABC also provided Alan with the latest mobile phone handset, which cost $2,000 (including GST). At the end of the year ABC hosted a dinner at a local Thai restaurant for all 20 employees and their partners. The total cost of the dinner was $6,600 including GST. (a) Advise ABC of its FBT consequences arising out of the above information, including calculation of any FBT liability, for the year ending 31 March 2014. Assume that ABC would be entitled to input tax credits in relation to any GST-inclusive acquisitions. (b) How would your answer to (a) differ if ABC only had 5 employees? (c) How would your answer to (a) differ if clients of ABC also attended the end-of-year dinner? Answer 1: Fringe Benefit tax are been paid by the employer on the certain benefits provided by him to their employees. The tax on fringe benefit is mostly applied on the non cash benefits which are provided by the company to their staff. The fringe benefit tax is different from the income tax and it would be calculated on the benefits provided. The FBT is taxable on the specified items at the rate of 47% including Medicare levy. FBT is annual tax and taxable on any benefit during the period of 1st April to 31st March. There are certain exclusion on which no FBT is liable to pay the exclusions is: salary wages, superannuation contribution, benefits under employee share schemes. The FBT tax is exempt on certain benefits which are notified by the Australian government the benefits are: Exempt loans Work related expenses Exempt car payment benefits expense Minor benefits having taxable value under $300 Tools and certain equipment expenses related to work Employee relocation expenses Remote area housing. The FBT are been liable on the following item: Car Debt waiver Loan Expense payment Housing Living away from home allowance Airline transport Board Meal entertainment Tax-exempt body entertainment Car parking Property Residual As per the Alan case the we assume that mobile bills covered under salary packaging would be not be chargeable to FBT as such phone is used for the business purpose so it falls under the exclusion category of work related expenses and the cost of mobile phone given of $2000 would not be liable for FBT as it was related to employee employment benefit. The expense initially the employee is liable to pay such amount and if it was paid by the employer than it will fall under the category of expense payment fringe benefits and employer ABC Pty is liable for FBT. So the children school fees of Alan were borne by the employer than such fees if liable for tax. The school fees paid by the employer were GST free so it would be liable for tax as per type 2 of FBT. In the above case the meal was provided by the ABC Pty limited at the end of the year to their employees and partners, we are assuming that such meal was not provided during working hours or for the business or seminar purpose so such entertainment expense would be liable to FBT. Answer to above case: a) The ABC PTY Limited company has provided mobile phones and reimbursed the mobile bill of Alan than such expense payment would not be liable to FBT as the such expense is incurred for the use of business purpose and as per the provision any expense incurred and such benefit given are used for the business purpose than such expense are not liable for FBT. Calculation of FBT: Expense related payment: school fees where GST is free the FBT liability for 31st march is $20000*1.8868 = $37736 FBT liability = $ 37736*47%=17736 (round off) Entertainment benefit provided: dinner provided of $6600 including GST calculation is provided below. FBT taxable value= $6600*1.1 *2.0802*50%=$7551 FBT liability= 7551$*47%=$3549 Total FBT liability was $17736+$3549=$21285. b) The answer given in case A would differ if there are less employees i.e. 5. If the employees would be less than the payment for dinner would automatically reduces which affect on the FBT amount the cost of dinner per employee would be 6600/20=$ 330 per employee so number of employee was 5 so total expense for dinner would be $1650. So FBT amount would be 1650*1.1*2.0802*50%=1888*47%= $887. c) As per the answer given in case A above the FBT is leviable on the meals provided to their employee at the year end and if such dinner if accompanied by the clients than as per the legislation the FBT would be leviable on the part of the benefits provided to the employee and the associates or partners they are not liable to pay FBT n the remaining part of benefit provided to clients. Question 2: Dave Solomon is 59 years of age and is planning for his retirement. Following a visit to his financial adviser in March of the current tax year, Dave wants to contribute funds to his personal superannuation fund before 30 June of the current tax year. He has decided to sell the majority of his assets to raise the $1,000,000. He then intends to rent a city apartment and withdraw tax-free amounts from his personal superannuation account once he turns 60 in August of the next year. Dave has provided you with the following details of the assets he has sold: (a) A two-storey residence at St Lucia in which he has lived for the last 30 years. He paid $70,000 to purchase the property and received $850,000 on 27 June of the current tax year, after the real estate agent deducted commissions of $15,000. The residence was originally sold at auction and the buyer placed an $85,000 deposit on the property. Unfortunately, two weeks later the buyer indicated that he did not have sufficient funds to proceed with the purchase, thereby forfeiting his deposit to Dave on 1 May of the current tax year. The real estate agents then negotiated the sale of the residence to another interested party. (b) A painting by Pro Hart that he purchased on 20 September 1985 for $15,000. The painting was sold at auction on 31 May of the current tax year for $125,000. (c) A luxury motor cruiser that he has moored at the Manly Yacht club. He purchased the boat in late 2004 for $110,000. He sold it on 1 June of the current tax year to a local boat broker for $60,000. (d) On 5 June of the current tax year he sold for $80,000 a parcel of shares in a newly listed mining company. He purchased these shares on 10 January of the current tax year for $75,000. He borrowed $70,000 to fund the purchase of these shares and incurred $5,000 in interest on the loan. He also paid $750 in brokerage on the sale of the shares and $250 in stamp duty on the purchase of these shares. Dave has contacted the ATO and they have advised him that the interest on the loan will not be an allowable deduction because the shares are not generating any assessable income. Dave has also indicated that his taxation return for the year ended 30 June of the previous year shows a net capital loss of $10,000 from the sale of shares. These shares were the only assets he sold in that year. (a) Based on the information above, determine Dave Solomons net capital gain or net capital loss for the year ended 30 June of the current tax year. (b) If Dave has a net capital gain, what does he do with this amount? (c) If Dave has a net capital loss, what does he do with this amount? /p Answer 2: Part a.) Computation Of Capital Gain Tax of Dave Solomon For The Year End 30 June Particulars Amount (in$) Total Amount (in $) Exempt: Proceeds Cost Base Of Home Property - (claiming the main residence i.e. family home exemption as it is exempted under the definition of CGT) Add: @ Proceeds of Painting in the current year 125,000.00 Less: Cost Base of Painting acquired in 1985 after indexation (15000*123.4/71.3)=25960.73 (25,960.73) 150,960.73 Add: Proceeds of Luxury Motor Cruiser in the current year 60,000.00 Less: Cost Base of Luxury Motor Cruiser acquired in 2004 (110,000.00) (50,000.00) Add: Proceeds of Shares 80,000.00 Less: Cost Base (75,000.00) Less: Brokerage On Shares deduction (750.00) Less: Stamp duty on Shares deduction (250.00) 4,000.00 Less: Previous Year Capital Loss Deduction (10,000.00) (10,000.00) Net Capital Gain For The Current Year 94,960.73 @Painting acquired is not considered in the category of collectables as Dave Solomon acquired it for the value less than $500 and also before 16 December 1995. Exceptions and exemptions: Commonly speaking, a capital gain or capital loss on below mentioned is dis-regarded: a) Properties acquired before 20 September 1985 b) Motor vehicles c) Reimbursement received for particular injury d) Selling of main residence (family home) e) A collectable, for example, jewelry, which is acquired for $500 or less f) A private used asset kept mainly for private use or pleasure for own purposes or for associates. If assesse acquired it for more than $10,000, is disregarded for only capital losses. If it is acquired for $10,000 or less, it is disregarded for both capital gains and capital losses. Part b.) Calculating out net capital gain or loss - Once assesse finds out his/her capital gain for each CGT asset, he/she need to find out his/her net capital gain for the year. Net capital gain = Total capital gains for the current year (including those distributed by a managed fund or trust) (Minus) Total capital losses (including any net capital losses from previous years) Generally, CGT is not aseparated tax. The net capital gains forms part of your assessable income in the year the CGT event occurred and is payable as part of assesses income tax assessment for the relevant income year. Because assets are often long term assesse need to take good care of records relating to purchase, conservation and enhancements. This will help not only in finally working out the amount that is subject to Capital Gains Tax but also helps in recollecting the true base costs that has been spent. The amount Mr. Dave has got after selling of the assets can be utilized to contribute funds to his personal superannuation fund. Some records which are specifically needed to keepwhenever a major transaction happens include: a) Interest paid on related loans b) Receipts of purchase c) Records of expenses like legal fees, stamp duty etc. d) Receipts covering land taxes, insurance bills, rates etc. e) Receipts for repairs, maintenance and improvements f) Any market valuations g) Receipts for shares brokerage Part c.) Calculating out net capital gain or loss - Once assesse has find out his/her capital loss for each CGT asset, he/she need to find out his/her net capital loss for the year. Net capital loss = Total capital losses (including any net capital losses from previous years) (Minus) Total capital gains for the year (including those distributed by a managed fund or trust). Assesse cannot deduct his/her net capital loss directly from his/her other incomes, but he/she can carry it forward and deduct it from capital gains in later income years. There is no time limit on how long one can carry forward a net capital loss. One must apply his/her capital losses against his/her capital gains in the order in which he/she made them. They can't choose not to apply capital losses against capital gains if they have them, however, they can choose which capital gains to deduct their losses from. Net losses arising from collectables can only be deducted from capital gains made from respective category of collectables only, and not from other capital gains. References ANON, N.D., Capital Gains Tax on Shares and Units, viewed on 11 January 2014. ANON, N.D., Capital Gains Tax on Home, viewed on 11 January 2014. ANON, N.D., Capital Gains Tax Exemptions, viewed on 11 January 2014. ANON, N.D., Calculating a Capital Loss, viewed on 11 January 2014. ANON, N.D., Calculating and Paying Capital Gains Tax, viewed on 11 January 2014. ANON, N.D., Step By Step Guide to Capital Gains Tax, viewed on 11 January 2014.

Health Promotion and Prevention of Diabetes Melliitus free essay sample

The three primary levels of health prevention (primary, secondary and tertiary) should be utilized. This paper will be a literature review of three journal articles focusing on diabetes mellitus and will discuss the purpose of health promotion in nursing practice; nursing roles and responsibilities in health promotion; nursing actions that promote health prevention and promotion; and finally a comparison of the three primary levels of health prevention. Health Promotion in Nursing Health promotion is defined as a multifaceted approach to encouraging health related lifestyle changes of individuals and communities with the ultimate goal of enhancing the overall health of the individual and the community (Bennett, Perry, Lawrence, 2009). Fry, Gleeson and Rissel (2010), recommend that health promotion be made a separate occupation from nursing. They argue that individuals would be specialists in the field of health promotion which would greatly aid in the health issues experienced by individuals and the community (Fry et al. We will write a custom essay sample on Health Promotion and Prevention of Diabetes Melliitus or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 2010). This new occupation has yet to be established, leaving nurses to continue to use health promotion techniques in their practice. Nursing Roles and Responsibilities in Health Promotion Nurses comprise a large and powerful workforce that should be incorporated in health promotion efforts (Fry, Gleeson Rissel, 2010). Community nurses, especially school nurses have a responsibility to be observant of the people around them and use their knowledge to educate on health promotion and prevention (Bennett et al. , 2009). By educating school children on reducing modifiable risk factors for diabetes such as obesity, inactivity and poor diet, nurses could potentially decrease the amount of adolescent and adult onset diabetes (Bennett et al. , 2009). Nursing Actions that Promote Health Nurses play an integral part of health promotion, especially when it comes to diabetes. Nurses should use the nursing process to assess individuals, diagnose, implement a plan to assist with eliminating risk factors, and evaluate the progress achieved. Nurses in the community have the power to educate individuals on their modifiable risk factors and how to change their lifestyles to prevent the onset on diabetes (Bennett et al. , 2009). Nurses must continue to educate individuals on health promotion and utilize other members of the health care team, such as social workers, for uninsured or poverty stricken individuals. Comparison of the Primary Levels of Health Prevention Prevention can be broken down into three categories which divide the different types of health promotion and prevention. Primary Prevention Primary prevention occurs prior to the onset or contraction of an illness such as giving immunizations (Bennett et al. , 2009). For diabetes mellitus, primary prevention would be changing eating and exercising habits prior to a diagnosis. Diabetes mellitus has modifiable risk factors that if changed early in life may reduce a person’s risk for developing the disease (Caple Schub, 2012). These risk factors include obesity, inactivity, and unhealthy eating habits (Caple Schub, 2012). Using a primary prevention approach, an individual or community could greatly reduce their risk of diabetes by reducing their modifiable risk factors (Caple Schub, 2012). Secondary Prevention Secondary prevention is used to maintain a person’s health, lessen the length of illness and prevention progression of an illness (Bennett et al. , 2009). Secondary prevention involves screening examinations. It is recommended that screening for diabetes mellitus be done on overweight and obese individuals (Caple Schub, 2012). Since this disease can go on for years without being caught, secondary prevention can be used to identify the disease and attempt to control and maintain the person’s health status (Caple Schub, 2012). Since diabetes can be controlled with modifications to an individual’s daily life, goals for participants of diabetes secondary prevention programs would be similar to primary prevention activities such as weight loss, lowering blood lipids and blood pressure, increasing physical activity, reducing consumption of saturated fats, and increasing consumption of fruit and vegetables(Fry et al. 2010). Tertiary Prevention Tertiary prevention occurs after an individual has acquired a disease and strives to limit complications to the individual’s health (Bennett et al. , 2009). For example, a person with diabetes mellitus loses a limb. The tertiary prevention model would strive to protect the other limb, and the limb remaining after the amputation. Conclusion Nurses posse ss a power to assist with changing the way individuals and communities view and utilize health promotion and prevention practices. Utilizing three journal articles the following topics were discussed: the purpose of health promotion in nursing practice; nursing roles and responsibilities in health promotion; nursing actions that promote health promotion; and a comparison of the three primary levels of health prevention and how they relate to diabetes mellitus. References Bennett, C. , Perry, J. , Lawrence, Z. (2009). Promoting health in primary care. Nursing Standard, 23,(47),48-56. Caple, C. Schub, T. (2012). Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2: Prevention in Children and Adolescents. CINAHL Plus with Full Text, EBSCOhost accessed August 11, 2012. Fry, D. , Gleeson, S. , Rissel, C. (2010). Health promotion and secondary prevention: response to Milat, O’Hara and Develin. Heath Promotion Journal of Australia, 21(2), 86-91. U. S. Dept of Health and Human Services. (2012). Healthy People. gov. Closer Look: Health Disparities: Compare the Top 10 Causes of Death across Populations. Retrieved on August 10,2012 from

How the Great Depression Altered US Foreign Policy

How the Great Depression Altered US Foreign Policy As Americans suffered through the Great Depression of the 1930s, the financial crisis influenced U.S. foreign policy in ways that pulled the nation even deeper into a period of isolationism. While the exact causes of the Great Depression are debated to this day, the initial factor was World War I. The bloody conflict shocked the global financial system and altered the worldwide balance of political and economic power. The nations involved in World War I had been forced to suspend their use of the gold standard, long the determining factor in setting international currency exchange rates, in order to recover from their staggering war costs. Attempts by the U.S., Japan, and the European nations to re-instate the gold standard during the early 1920s left their economies without the flexibility they would be needed to cope with the financial hard times that would come in the late 1920s and early 1930s. Along with the great U.S. stock market crash of 1929, economic difficulties in Great Britain, France, and Germany coincided to create a global â€Å"perfect storm† of financial crises. Attempts by those nations and Japan to hold on to the gold standard only worked to fuel the storm and hasten the onset of a global depression. Depression Goes Global With no coordinated international system of dealing with a worldwide depression in place, the governments and financial institutions of the individual nations turned inward. Great Britain, unable to continue in its long-held role as the mainstay and chief ​money lender of the international financial system, became the first nation to permanently abandon the gold standard in 1931. Preoccupied with its own Great Depression, the United States was unable to step in for Great Britain as the world’s â€Å"creditor of last resort,† and permanently dropped the gold standard in 1933. Determined to resolve the global depression, leaders of the world’s largest economies convened the London Economic Conference of 1933. Unfortunately, no major agreements came out of the event and the great global depression persisted for the rest of the 1930s. Depression Leads to Isolationism In struggling with its own Great Depression, the United States sank its foreign policy even deeper into post-World War I stance of isolationism. As if the Great Depression was not enough, a series of world events that would result in World War II added to Americans’ desire for isolation. Japan seized most of China in 1931. At the same time, Germany was expanding its influence in Central and Eastern Europe, Italy invaded Ethiopia in 1935. The United States, however, chose not to oppose any of these conquests. To a large degree, Presidents Herbert Hoover and Franklin Roosevelt were constrained from reacting to international events, no matter how potentially dangerous, by the demands of the public to deal exclusively with domestic policy, primarily bringing an end to the Great Depression. Having witnessed the horrors of World War I, Hoover, like most Americans, hoped to never see the United States involved in another world war. Between his election November 1928 and his inauguration in March 1929, he traveled to the nations of Latin America hoping to win their trust by promising that the U.S. would always honor their rights as independent nations. Indeed, in 1930, Hoover announced that his administration’s foreign policy would recognize the legitimacy  of the governments of all Latin American countries, even those whose governments did not conform to American ideals of democracy. Hoover’s policy was a reversal of President Theodore Roosevelt’s policy of using force if necessary to influence the actions of Latin American governments. Having withdrawn American troops from Nicaragua and Haiti, Hoover proceeded to avoid U.S. intervention in some 50 Latin American revolutions, many of which resulted in the establishment of anti-American governments. As a result, America’s diplomatic relations with the Latin American warmed during the Hoover presidency. Under the 1933 Good Neighbor Policy of President Franklin Roosevelt, the United States reduced its military presence in Central and South America. The move greatly improved U.S. relations with Latin America, while making more money available for depression-fighting initiatives at home. Indeed, throughout the Hoover and Roosevelt administrations, the demand to rebuild the American economy and end rampant unemployment forced U.S. foreign policy onto the backmost burner †¦ at least for a while. The Fascist Effect While the mid-1930s saw the rise conquest of militaristic regimes in Germany, Japan, and Italy, the United States remained entrenched in isolation from foreign affairs as the federal government struggled with the Great Depression. Between 1935 and 1939, the U.S. Congress, over the objections of President Roosevelt, enacted a series of Neutrality Acts specifically intended to prevent the United States from taking any role of any nature in potential foreign wars. The lack of any significant U.S. response to the invasion of China by Japan in 1937 or the forced occupation of Czechoslovakia by Germany in 1938 encouraged the governments of Germany and Japan to expand the scope of their military conquests. Still, many U.S. leaders continued to believe the need to attend to its own domestic policy, mainly in the form of ending the Great Depression, justified a continued policy of isolationism. Other leaders, including President Roosevelt, believed that U.S. non-intervention simple allowed the theaters of war to grow ever-closer to America. As late as 1940, however, keeping the U.S. out of foreign wars had widespread support from the American people, including high-profile celebrities like record-setting aviator Charles Lindbergh. With Lindbergh as its chairman, the 800,000-member-strong America First Committee lobbied Congress to oppose President Roosevelt’s attempts to provide war materials to England, France, the Soviet Union, and the other nations fighting the spread of fascism. When France finally fell to Germany in the summer of 1940, the U.S. government slowly started increasing its participation in the war against fascism. The Lend-Lease Act of 1941, initiated by President Roosevelt, allowed the president to transfer, at no cost, arms and other war materials to any â€Å"government of any country whose defense the President deems vital to the defense of the United States.† Of course, the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, on December 7, 1942, thrust the United States fully into World War II and ended any pretense of American isolationism. Realizing that the nation’s isolationism had to some degree contributed to the horrors of World War II, U.S. policymakers once again began to emphasize the importance of foreign policy as a tool in preventing future global conflicts. Ironically, it was the positive economic impact of America’s participation in World War II, which had been long-delayed in part by the Great Depression that at last pulled the nation out of its longest economic nightmare.

Business Implications of Security on the Internet Essay

Business Implications of Security on the Internet - Essay Example Loss of revenue is one of the major business implications of security on the internet. Lack of internet security can lead to loss of revenue in two main ways. Firstly, if the internet server that a business uses is compromised, hackers can (in most cases) gain access to the businesses financial information. Such information can be used to pilfer business funds and this leads to loss of revenue. Secondly, in cases where businesses rely a great deal on the internet and use e-commerce sites to sell their goods/services, a compromised internet network or site automatically leads to loss of revenue since such a site is rendered inoperable and consumers are not able to access the site (Ringwelski, 2010). There has also been loss of productivity on human personnel because of internet security measures taken by company. Due to the rise of internet security breaches, businesses may be forced to implement certain measures that ultimately lower all their employees’ productivity. For inst ance, employees may be asked to conduct various security checks before accessing the internet and this may be time consuming and lower productivity. Another major repercussion of internet security on businesses is the potential risk of the businesses reputation being damaged. In cases, where a business’s internet security is breached, hackers can damage the company’s reputation by posting false information about the company on the compromised site, or stealing the information of the company’s clients. For most businesses, this risk can be even more debilitating than the loss of business revenue. This is because while a business may recover from a loss of revenue, a damaged reputation can cause customers, investors and shareholders to lose faith in the business and withdraw their support. The loss of such support often leads to the collapse of the business (Shoniregun, 2005). Evidently, implications such as the ones discussed herein can lead to businesses being d amaged extensively. For these reasons, different businesses have devised various solutions to deal with internet security. For instance, some companies have developed information-sharing partnerships with various government agencies. Such partnerships enable companies to rely on the government’s law enforcement abilities to detect and prevent breaches in their internet security. In such partnerships, businesses rely on government law agencies to provide them with any information that can improve their internet security and the

Fashion Designer and Fashion Merchandiser Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Fashion Designer and Fashion Merchandiser - Essay Example The essay "Fashion Designer and Fashion Merchandiser" compares the Fashion Designer and Fashion Merchandiser. Fashion designers study popular trends among the public and accordingly design their accessories and garments. Their target groups include people of all ages and classes in general. Fashion designers work in close collaboration with manufacturers to acquire the embellishments and fabric for designing and supervise the production as well. Since marketing is very important for their business, most fashion designers also work closely with creative directors and plan fashion shows. While acquiring a degree is not a prerequisite for being a fashion designer, yet having a diploma in fashion designing at least is recommendable. Fashion designers’ salaries vary depending upon their popularity. Fashion merchandisers offer their services to the fashion retailers and choose the accessories and garments to be sold at their stores. One of their functions is to develop attractive di splays to motivate the public to shop. Fashion merchandisers negotiate with the designers and wholesalers to acquire the accessories and garments at a lower price to make the business more profitable for the stores they represent. While there is no established education requirement for an individual who wants to become a fashion merchandiser, some employers might prefer fashion merchandisers with some education in fashion which would reflect their theoretical knowledge and understanding of the latest trends.

Discuss the foreign policy positions of former President George Bush, Essay

Discuss the foreign policy positions of former President George Bush, Jr. and President Barack Obama in terms of realism and idealism - Essay Example Political realism highlights the role of the state and assumes that the state’s foreign policies are driven by the nation’s interest. It is primarily based on the state’s efforts to preserve its territory integrity as well as political autonomy. This means that the state interests are based on power and security. This power is defined in terms of military, economic, cultural, diplomatic and economic terms. In a realist state, every nation should use their resources in order to defend their nation. This concept is derived on the fact that the international environment is an anarchical environment. Therefore, regardless of the treaties made by the state, it is the duty of the state to defend its interest. According to the realism school of thought, the state is under no foreign authority (Crawford 15). Political idealism, also referred to as Wilsonian Idealism, holds that a state’s foreign policy should reflect the internal policy. Although it is based on human nature, it significantly puts ethics and morals into consideration. Idealist government fosters equal rights, democracy rule and religion in their foreign policy (Crawford 50). It is based on civilian-scientific development methods rather than war and power. The idealist state emphasizes on the international values rather than the nation’s interest. The doctrines of realism contradict those of the idealist school in that ethics and morality take a centre stage in idealism. During his campaign, the incumbent president George Bush openly declared that he was a realist who was committed to ending the Clinton doctrine and the indiscriminate use of the military force where they did not serve the interest of the US (Mackubin 24). During his campaign, he did not speak of democracy and freedom in the country. He clearly stated that, like his father, Bush was

Environmental conditions: Apple iTunes in the UK

Environmental conditions: Apple iTunes in the UK 1. Introduction The following report will carry out an assessment of the macro and micro environmental conditions that are likely to impact upon Apple iTunes within the United Kingdom. The analysis which will be carried out will include an assessment of the degree of the threat or the opportunities posed by the existing and potential competition. iTunes is a digital media player application which is used for playing and organising digital and video files. iTunes also connects to the iTunes store via the internet to purchase and download music, music videos, television shows, applications, games, audio books and podcasts. The Music industry has radically changed in the last couple of years, thanks to the increasing penetration of broadband, which has made it increasingly convenient for music lovers to buy via the web, this has the effect of promoting digital downloads. Content owners have been hit by the increasing problem of illegal downloading which has had the effect of devaluating the value of music for an entire generation of youth. (Mintel 2009) After its launch in 2002 Apples iTunes has come to dominate the music delivery business in many countries around the world, including the United Kingdom. Using a number of tools which look at both the micro and macro environment, and various analysis I will draw many conclusions whether there is a likelihood of continued success for Apple iTunes in the future. 2. What is Apple iTunes? iTunes is a free application for your Mac or PC it organises your digital music and video on your computer. It syncs all your media with you iPod, iPhone and Apple TV. It is also a store on your computer; it has everything you need to be entertained anywhere, anytime. (Apple 2010) Apple iTunes was developed in early 2002 and has developed ever since in relation to Apples continued success with their portable media player the iPod. Ever since 2002 many new features have been added to iTunes such as in April 2003 when version 4.0 of Apple iTunes was released which added the feature of the iTunes Store, to make it the success of what it is today. (Apple 2004) 3. Apple iTunes Market Position The music industry has witnessed a massive change over the last few years; this is due to many reasons. One fundamental change has been the increasing user usage of broadband technology, the increased speed and more people adopting the technology has led to consumers to view downloading music via the web to be convenient and simple. This development originally led many of the traditional high street retailers such as HMV to start selling music online in CD format. In more recent times music both single tracks and albums have become more and more easily accessible for the average consumer due to the continued popularity of services such as Apple iTunes. 3.1 Market Data on The Music Industry In January 2009 the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) predicted that the UK will spend over  £600 million on digital music in 2012 (Mintel 2009). As you can see from (Appendix 2) downloads are dominated by singles or the download of individual tracks. But iTunes and other digital competitors are looking at improving the way in which they are marketing to consumers hopping to persuade them to purchase more albums digitally. Also in (Appendix 2) using BPI figures it shows the demand for single downloads has increased by a massive 340% from 2004-2009, where by the sale of single music in physical format has decreased by 850%. The same trend can be seen for album sales as well. As you can see from the table in (Appendix 1) pre-recorded music sales are continually moving from the traditional music stores, supermarkets etc to the internet to services such as iTunes. Over a period from 2007-2009 there was a 6% increase of sales of pre-recorded music on the internet, where as other means of selling/distributing pre-recorded music saw a considerable decrease year on year over the same period. The music industry has seen revenue decrease by 4% in 2008 and it is predicted that this trend will likely continue. Although digital distribution of music will ensure the costs involved when selling music will be dramatically lower, this will lead to increased profit margins for legal music sales in the future. Mintel has forecasted that the music market will continue for the next few years until 2013 to continue to decline. The market will see a dramatic fall of 33% of current prices from 2008-2013, 2009 saw the biggest drop which was 16% (Appendix 3). This is all due to a number of contributing factors, the main being that economic conditions are poised to remain uncertain which hampers consumer confidence. (Mintel 2009) 3.2 Music Market Industry Key Points/Findings The music industry has changed in recent years due to the major rise in downloadable content which is seen as more appropriate due to the rise of the portable media player as well as it being much easier for consumers to get hold of music, by simply downloading. The following will outline some key findings from the Music Industry which Apple iTunes operate within. * The music market for digital download retailers market share will continue to grow with many new entrants looking to move into the market where Apple iTunes dominate by offering digital rights management (DRM) free tracks. (Mintel 2009) * The Dominance of iTunes will remain until new entrants are established. (Mintel 2009) Over recent years ever since the download revolution began there has been one major retailer, iTunes. They have been seen as a threat to major music labels, to counter this threat major labels have granter DRM free tracks to many other retailers to encourage completion in the market place. This move looks to have changed the market place in the future by allowing the consumer to have more choice where they choose to purchase/download there music. (Harvey 2009) 3.2 Competitors It is vitally important when analysing the market which Apple iTunes operate within to outline their competitors. Many different competitors can affect Apples performance within the market, the competitors can be categorised into direct, close, substitute or indirect competitors. It is vitally important to analyse all of these competitors because they will all affect Apple iTunes in some aspect. As you can see from (Appendix 5) it shows all of the possible competitors within the industry, Apple in 2008 had a market share of 80% Apple the market leader with an 80 per cent market share (Lynch 2009) which means there are at least 25 firms who are in (Appendix 5) and many other firms battling it out for the remaining 20% of the market. Apple have been able to gain such a large market share with little or no competition due the agreement they had with the major record labels such as Sony/BMG, Vivendi Universal, Warner and EMG up until 2007 Apple were the market leaders and were starting to begin to dictate prices to the record labels which began to make them worried that they had originally given away to much to Apple iTunes. The record companies realised that Apple had gained dominance of the music on-line delivery industry and could dictate prices to the record companies. As a result, the record companies decided to drop DRM completely and encourage other delivery companies to enter the industry they needed some competition for Apple. (Lynch 2009) Once DRM free music began to be readily available it enticed many new businesses into the market, in the table in (Appendix 5) you can see the many firms who have seen how successful iTunes has been and they would like to gain some of the success which Apple has created for itself with iTunes. Direct competitors are those who offer a very similar service to what iTunes offers firms such as Amazon, HMV Digital, and Tesco Digital are all looking to break the dominance of Apple by offering a similar service but by offering the tracks at much cheaper price, due to them wanting to break into the industry. While Apple raised prices, competitors cut theirs. Amazon, the online retailer, cut the price of many of its top-selling music downloads on Monday to 29p as it competes for a larger share of the digital music market. (Ahmed 2009) Close competition are businesses which offer a similar service to what iTunes offers but are not in direct completion, these are firms such as subscription based services of Napster, Sky Songs and eMusic as well as bundled download services run by both Nokia and Omnifone which are Comes With Music and Music Station respectively as well as services run by the major mobile networks within the UK such as O2 and Orange. Competition which is classed as substitutes to the service which iTunes offers are firms which offer a different service to iTunes but could be used instead by potential customers. These are businesses such as Spotify and We7 who offer free music for users but the service contains many adverts which make the service free, the revenue is all advertisement driven. Also substitute services are business which use the latest web technology which is streaming, firms such as YouTube, MySpace Music and Last.fm are all services which are free and legal allow users to listen to music online but not actually download and put onto a portable media player, such as the iPod. New services like Spotify give us hope for the future, but physical sales continue to fall and even digital services struggle to compete with free illegal music. (Mostrous 2010) Substitute services such as Spotify which are free to the consumer may the future of music as they offer a service which costs nothing and is legal. Indirect competition, is a service which is completely different to what is offered by iTunes. Sony has started to promote and sell the e-book reader, which is a similar idea to the iPod but instead of music allows users to download books and read them on a screen. It seems the traditional gift wrapped tome is being trumped by downloads, after Amazon customers bought more e-books than printed books for the first time on Christmas Day. The department store chain John Lewis highlighted the popularity of e-readers this Christmas, reporting a jump in sales of Sonys eBook readers. (Allen 2009) The music market when from physical music CDs etc to digital downloads, now the book market looks to go a similar way by offering the user to read books in a digital format. 4. Macro Environmental Factors The macro environment is the major external and uncontrollable factors that have an influence on the organisations ability to make decisions and also can affect the strategy and the performance. The macro environment looks to include many factors such as economic, legal, social, political and technological changes. (Grant 2005) Included in the following section of the report a PESTEL analysis will be carried out of Apple iTunes which is a framework which looks at the macro environmental factors any business faces in the external environment, also an industry life cycle will be carried out. 4.1 PESTEL Analysis This model is a way of looking at Apple iTunes macro environment; it looks at the six key factors of the external environment, Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Environmental and Legal. The following section of the report will use this framework to look at the key factors effecting Apple iTunes in the macro environment. (Masterson 2004) Firstly, political this looks at if there are any pressures from the government or associated bodies, also any potential pressure from other business such as the major record labels such as Sony/BMG in Apple iTunes case. A breakthrough occurred when Apple iTunes made a deal with the record industry in 2002 which revolutionised the music industry. For the first time it was possible to download music for a payment without the problems of DRM which had become frustrating for consumers. By 2008 iTunes was the market leader with a massive market share of 80%, before this in 2007 the major record companies began to realise they had given away too much to Apple. iTunes had gained dominance in the market and were in a position to dictate prices to the record companies, this had the result in record companies dropping DRM and encouraging new entrants into the market to compete with Apple iTunes. The first two new entrants which tried to break up the dominance of iTunes were Nokia and Amazon. (Lynch 2009) Censorship can cause a great deal of problems for a service such as iTunes, in the build up to the Olympic Games in Beijing, China iTunes was selling on its iTunes Store a Tibetan album. Due to the political unrest between Tibet and China, the Chinese government blocked the use of the iTunes Store Parts of iTunes are blocked in China; access to iTunes store is completely restricted in the majority of China. (Branigan 2008) Next is Economic, which looks at how Apple iTunes will be affected by the macroeconomic environment. The UK economy still remains in a recession which has effects for all of Apple iTunes potential customers within the UK market, consumers are unlikely to be willing to purchase luxury goods such as the music iTunes offer within its online store. This is due to levels of disposable income is not at the levels of previous times, also due to low levels of disposable income Apple iTunes will see very few new customers as people who have not experienced downloading music before may not even have a computer so will not go out and purchase one in these times. Although many experts believe the UK economy will begin to show some growth in the near future, the economy will still be in a recession, officially the recession has not yet ended. Analysts believe that fourth quarter figures will show the economy returning to growth. (BBC Business News 2009) It is extremely important for Apple to be a ware of the economic factors within the macro environment. Thirdly social, this looks at the demographics and the trends within the market which Apple iTunes operate within. This part of the PESTLE analysis will outline a few key trends which detail the market place Apple iTunes operate within. * 16-24 year olds are more likely to favour downloading music.(Mintel 2009) * Over 45s are less likely to download, due to being concerned about quality and equipment and compatibility issues, this is linked to the understanding of technical development, also unsure what is legal and what is not. (Mintel 2009) * The amount of Internet usage is a massive influence on consumers views. (Mintel 2009) The above trends allow Apple iTunes to target certain sectors of the market place, they would look to continue to target their products to the 16-24 market place, but would look to develop a bigger customer group within the over 45s by possibly educating these customers on how iTunes works. Next is Technological, technology is changing constantly at an unprecedented rate and has created many opportunities which Apple iTunes have adopted. The broadband revolution has meant a facility has been created for consumers to access music at a reduced price compared to standard hard copy media. Also continued innovation by Apple for new products, such as the lasts iPhone 3GS has meant more people are using the iTunes service, fastest, most powerful iPhone yet the 3GS (Blake 2009) The Music industry has radically changed in the last couple of years due to technology, thanks to the increasing penetration of broadband, which has made it increasingly convenient for music lovers to buy via the web, this has the effect of promoting digital downloads. Environmental is the fifth factor of the PESTEL framework this looks at the how the performance of Apple iTunes effects the environment which they operate within. Apple is aware of the environmental factors within the industry and is trying to offset the damages they cause, We account for everything, including out products. Apple reports environmental impact comprehensively, we do this by focusing on our products what when we design them, what happens when we make them and what happens when you take them home and use them. (Apple Environment 2010) Apple seems to be very aware about that negative impacts of production and of consumers using their products, they are aware of the need for themselves to be socially responsible. Finally legal, this is a massive aspect for a firm such as Apple iTunes as there are many legal aspects to how they operate within the market place. Also it is important they are aware of the illegal actions potential customers carry out within the market. Illegal downloads is continuing to grow despite the many actions carried out across the industry, The issue of illegal downloading remains a problem that is set to persist. Although various efforts are being made by those in the sector to minimise the problem there is no easy solution. (Mintel 2007) Below are two key findings for the UK market which Apple iTunes need to be aware of as it shows that UK consumers are attracted to the prospect of illegal downloads. * Consumers favour illegal downloads due to their lack of cost. * Heavy downloaders are further encourages to continue by the lack of legislation against file sharing from the authorities. (Mintel 2007) 4.2 Industry Life Cycle The industry life cycle is the supply-side equivalent of the product life cycle; it is made up of four key phases, Introduction (Emergence), Growth, Maturity and Decline. There are two main factors which are fundamental which lead to industry evolution; they are demand growth and the creation and diffusion of knowledge. Demand growth is when the life cycle and the changes with in it are defined primarily by changes in an industries growth rate over time. The second major driving force of the industry life cycle is knowledge. New knowledge in the form of production innovation is responsible for an industrys creation. The dual process of both knowledge creation and knowledge diffusion is to exert a major influence on industry evolution. (Grant 2005) Apple iTunes are positioned on the industry life cycle on the maturity stage, (Appendix 4) they have just entered the maturity stage from experiencing rapid growth to be the market leaders in digital music distribution. They show many of the characteristics of the maturity stage, they are dealing with the mass market having many millions of customers although they need to be aware that potential customers now are begging to become more sensitive to price due to the current economic climate but more so due to the ever increasing competition of price within the market place. The omnipresent iTunes has triumphed over its digital-market competition, providing three-quarters of the online sales in the market. But it isnt the only show in town: there is a huge amount of competition, not just on the service offered but mainly on the price which music is sold for. (Robin 2008) Other characteristics which show that Apple iTunes are in the maturity stage are that they are introducing new produ cts that are continually being innovative by adapting the iTunes service, such as adding additions to the iTunes Store and extra features. 5. Micro Environmental Factors The Micro Environment factors are that what affects an organisations immediate area of operations. It affects the decision making and the overall performance of the business; the factors which it looks at are customers, distribution channels and competitors. (Grant 2005) In this section of the report I will look to adapt the porters five forces model which will then be applied to Apple iTunes, which will allow for analysing the five key forces that shape the industry. 5.1 Porters 5 Forces Porters five forces analysis helps firms to analyse the strength of competitive threats and is particularly useful to Apple iTunes as it allows them to analyse the competitive environment. The model focuses on the competition and the bargaining power in the supply chain suppliers through to customers. The model is made up of five forces they are threat of new entrants, bargaining power of buyers, threat of substitutes, bargaining power of suppliers and the industry competitors. (Masterson 2004) Firstly threat of new entrants this looks at the activities of potential competitors as well as existing competitors within the market place. In 2007 the major record labels began to realise that they had given iTunes too much power over the digital music market and were able to dictate the price they wanted to pay to the major record labels, Apple iTunes was now the biggest firm in the industry with over 80% of the market. As a result, the record companies decided to drop DRM completely and encourage other delivery companies to enter the industry they needed some competition for Apple. (Lynch 2009) DRM free tracks were introduced to create new entrants into the market, which it has succeeded in doing which has meant Apple iTunes now has many major competitors to its dominance. iTunes have the highest market share in the industry at present and due to the increased competition that has developed but they still have not taken away iTunes dominance, new firms who come into the market must be aware that the only way they are going to be successful is if they are innovative. Also to prevent new entrants into the market iTunes has the power to set a price for its downloads at whatever it sees fit due to how successful and respected the Apple brand is, this price may be lower than what new firms into the market may be able to afford which would prevent them from competing in the market. Next is the bargaining power of Apple iTunes suppliers this will look at the relationships developed between the record labels and how these relationships have changed over time. iTunes suppliers are the record labels such as such as Universal, Sony, Warner Music and EMI, in 2009 they believed that they could make more money out of the industry by making iTunes charge more for the tracks which they sell in there iTunes store. Apple were made to charge 99p for their highest price track, the music labels insisted that it would be in Apples interest for future development of the industry as it would mean more revenue to be available to promote new artists and prevent piracy. Apple iTunes caved in to pressure from the record companies and introduced variable pricing yesterday, raising the top price for a song to 99p. (Ahmed 2009) Originally before the record industry decided to offer DRM free tracks, iTunes were the only business in the market and they had complete control over the recor d labels and could charge the prices they wanted. But now due to the increased competition the record labels want to create iTunes now have to listen to their suppliers more, and sometimes take on board what they recommend even if they dont believe it will have a positive impact on their business. Thirdly is the bargaining power of the buyers these are customers who use the Apple iTunes service; this will look at what power the customers have over iTunes. iTunes is the largest service online which offers users the ability to download digital music, but customers within the UK are extremely price sensitive especially in this current economic climate where currently the UK is in recession (BBC Business News 2009) When services such as Amazon are offering users the chance to download identical digital music tracks which are DRM free for 29p compared to iTunes 99p consumers may wish to use Amazons service rather than iTunes. Amazon, the online retailer, cut the price of many of its top-selling music downloads on Monday to 29p as it competes for a larger share of the digital music market. (Ahmed 2009) The next force which the model looks at is the threat of substitutes within the market, the market is full of competitors but the majority are very similar to the service which iTunes offers its customers. The threat of substitutes though is great, due to the industry which iTunes operates within. Technology is ever developing, if a new firm was to enter the market and adapt new technology which no other firm had looked at, they would be an innovative service which may be looked upon by consumers as something different and one which they may want to try and use on a regular basis. It is vitally important that Apple iTunes continues to innovate by introducing new ideas and features to its products so that they continue to be the market leaders. As with Amazon in the Ahmed 2009 article, iTunes were persuaded to increase their prices even though Amazon who are trying to gain a foothold into the market continued to have their prices 70p cheaper per track, which could lead Amazon becoming a substitute to the service which iTunes offers. (Ahmed 2009) Finally the inter rivalry of competitors this looks at various factors such as competitive edge, price wars and the market growth rate etc. The digital music market is highly competitive; the market is growing very rapidly. The main aspect of the market is that every business within the market are selling the same digital music to which iTunes are offering all at different prices, this is due the record labels introducing DRM free tracks to create competition for iTunes within the music download market. iTunes are not the cheapest within the market place but have been able to develop a brand image which has led them to major success, they are the market leaders and continue to innovate new successful products. 6. SWOT Analysis SWOT analysis is a general management tool, which consists of four main factors. Two of which are internal factors which look at the micro environment they are the strengths and weaknesses of Apple iTunes. Whilst the other two factors are external to the business looking at the macro environment they are the opportunities and threats of the industry Apple iTunes operates within and are unable to change. Strength is something that iTunes has or something that it carries out, that is considerably better than its competitors. iTunes is a service which is owned and run by Apple; they are a very successful company who have developed many different products such as computers and in more recent years the leading portable media player the iPod. (Apple 2010) The strength of their brand image and its loyal band of customers has meant that iTunes has been able to build on the success of previous products to ensure that Apple iTunes is a success. Relationships were created with the leading record labels early on in the development of iTunes so that they could become the industry leaders in the market; by 2008 they had 80% of the market. (Lynch 2009) The strengths of iTunes are that it is a service offered by a business which has already had major success in the market place with the leading digital music player the iPod, users who have an iPod automatically use iTunes to put music onto their pl ayer which has meant they have been massively successful. Weaknesses are parts of iTunes that are worse than the competition within the market or aspects of iTunes which they could improve upon. iTunes have been forced by record labels to make the cost of using their service higher than many of its competitors; iTunes highest price for the latest music in the charts is 99p where as the main competitor which is Amazon has their highest track at 79p. Amazon is already in second place in terms of market share for digital music, although it started its service only 18 months ago. (Ahmed 2009) In recent times it is believed that Apple are worried that they may be close to market saturation in the future due to not seeing any increase in the sales of their digital music player the iPod which is the hardware which is directly linked to iTunes. Traders were worried by news that iPod sales were no higher than in the previous year. It is vitally important that Apple continue to innovate new products to continue the dominance of Apple iTunes. (Clark 2 008) Opportunities are developments in the external environment which iTunes could look to adapt into their business to improve the service which they offer to their customers. Technology is ever developing and Apple iTunes continually need to be aware of the developments so they are early adopters and can implement the changes into the services they offer their customers. Recently iTunes has developed new features such as television episodes, video and applications which have been added to the iTunes service. But the next opportunity which they could look to adopt is the potential to read books, magazines and newspapers on say for example the latest iPod. Apple is believed to be looking into this, following the market leaders Sony into this market. There are electronic reading devices in existence already, such as Sonys e-Reader and Amazons Kindle. But, publishers hope the unquestioned design talents of Apple will ensure that its latest product is the vehicle that enables them to transfo rm their business models. After all, the iPod has converted millions to the idea of paying to download songs and, to a degree, has revived the music industry, becoming the worlds largest music retailer in the process. (Burrell 2010) Threats are something that is going on in Apple iTunes external environment which is likely to cause them potential future problems. Apple iTunes have been hit by the increasing problem of illegal downloading, which had the effect of devaluing the music for an entire generation of youth. It is estimated that over 95% of all music downloaded is done via illegal methods, which means the music industry and services such as iTunes lose out on the revenue gained by these potential extra sales. Despite strong growth in digital music sales, the industry body for world music estimated that more than 95% of downloaded music was not paid for. (Mostrous 2010) 7. Future Success for Apple iTunes There are many factors involved when discussing if there is potential for future success for Apple iTunes, the report above has look at the industry/market which Apple iTunes operate within and then used that analysis to look at both the micro and macro environment using various models to analyse the prospect of future success for Apple iTunes. There are many factors involved when discussing if there is potential for future success for Apple iTunes, in January 2009 the BPI predicted that the UK spend over  £600 million on digital music in 2012. (Mintel 2009) This should allow Apple iTunes to see that there is still some potential growth within the market even though Apple are worried that they may be close to saturation within the market, due to the sales of the iPod not increasing from 2008 to 2009. Continually there seems to be growth within the industry from 2004-2009 at a massive rate of 340%, (Appendix 2) this rate increase over that period is not going to be sustainable into the future in the current market place due the increased competition and the increased level of illegal downloading activity. iTunes should be aware of this, but if there are more and more successful artists being introduced into the industry there is still potential for more growth in the market for Apple iTunes. DRM free tracks introduced into the market in 2007 meant that Apple had gone from being the only major player in the market, to an industry which now has hundreds of competitors. This meant consumers had much more choice of where they should purchase there digital music from. The record companies realised that Apple had gained dominance of the music on-line delivery i

A Doll’s House by Henrik Ibsen Essay -- torvald, nora, christine

In Henrik Ibsen’s dramatic play A Doll’s House there are many characters that have grown to be adults that they either do not wish to be or that they are expected to be. The character breakdown as the play goes from act to act is apparent. From a woman struggling to be the perfect wife and mother to a husband trying to be perfect and surround himself with people that are likewise we see that it is much harder to put on a mask to be something you are not. Nora Helmer is a simple woman. She is the mother to young children as well as an adoring wife to her husband Torvald. Nora is described by her husband as a spendthrift, a little featherhead, and a skylark. (Delbanco & Cheuse) These terms are used in a fashion to say that she is flighty, a dainty woman who shops and flits about with no care in the world. Even her friend Christine Linde tells her that she is immature and childish to the realities of the world. This is actually not a fair statement of Nora. She has already put forth a strong attitude when Torvald was ill. She found a way to get the monies needed to ensure that he got well. She may not have gone about it the legal way but she went to whatever lengths needed to ensure that the man she loved could get well. This was a step outside of the expectations of her. She has always been there to do whatever a man expected of her. Her father expected her to be there to take care of him and the household. Her husband took her in h is home and expected the same of her. She was never able to form her own person as someone else was always there telling her who to be and how to be it. Nora wants to be taken seriously and to learn how to be strong for herself. She realizes that she has been able to get this loan and has been paying i... ...ectations they are not happy but just being. By the end of the play there is some hope for all of them. Works Cited Brunnemer, K. (2009). Sexuality in Henrik Ibsen's A Doll's House. Retrieved 11 23, 2013, from Bloom's Literary Reference Online: http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?ItemID=WE54&WID=97972&SID=5&iPin=BLTHS004&SingleRecord=True. Delbanco, N., & Cheuse, A. (n.d.). Literature Craft and Voice. In H. Ibsen, A Doll's House (pp. 1346-48). Haller, E. (n.d.). Bloom's Literature. Retrieved 11 23, 2013, from Facts on File: http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?ItemID=WE54&WID=97972&SID=5&iPin=ETL0595&SingleRecord=True. Metzger, S. (n.d.). An overview of A Doll's House. Retrieved 11 23, 2013, from Gale Literature Resource Center: http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CH1420002305&v=2.1&u=txshracd2560&it=r&p=LitRC&sw=w&asid=2a621898dc6a06a303d9c6015c7e4bd0